Options for Economic Growth in Mali through the Application of Science and Technology to Agriculture

Prepared For The United States Agency for International Development Initiative To End Hunger In Africafood security, food policy, Mali science and technology research, research and extension, International Development, Q18,

Evaluation du rôle managérial des surveillants de service dans l’amélioration continue de la qualité des soins dans quatre centres hospitaliers universitaires de Bamako

By analyzing the quality-of-care evaluation reports from the National Hospital Evaluation Agency in Mali from 2005 to 2018, we note that the quality of care constitutes a real public health problem. Due to the important place occupied by department supervisors in hospital management, the evaluation of the role of supervisors is essential in the continuous improvement of the quality of care. For this study, we asked ourselves the following research question: what is the managerial role of service supervisors in the continuous improvement of the quality of care in four University Hospital Centers in Bamako? We set the general objective of studying the managerial role of service supervisors in the continuous improvement of the quality of care in the four University Hospital Centers of Bamako. The research methodology adopted consisted of carrying out a non-experimental quantitative analytical study with a cross-sectional aim. We opted for the probability sampling method and the stratified technique. Our study population consisted of all supervisors from CHU-CNOS, GT, IOTA and Point “G” in Bamako. Information was collected from respondents using a questionnaire and a document processing grid. EPI Info software was used for data entry, then it was exported to Excel and SPSS for analyses. Anonymity and confidentiality were required during data collection. The results of our study reveal that in total, 84 service supervisors were included in this study with an average age of approximately 51 years and a male predominance of 57.14%. The managerial role of service supervisors is known to be played at 54.76%; the existing link between the managerial role and ACQ is estimated at only 32.28%. The contribution of supervisors in ACQ which consists of regular monitoring/evaluation of activities, having the availability and skills required for good coordination and identifying inadequacies and providing continuing training is estimated at 60.71%. The main bottleneck in the implementation of their functions is above all the lack of training, from which 98.18% of supervisors do not benefit and 98.36% work in unfavorable conditions. From the explanatory analysis, it appears that several roles are statistically significant in relation to ACQ at the 5% threshold, the p-value test = 0.147. Ultimately, we can therefore affirm that service supervisors know their managerial role in ACQ and are essential key players in ACQ in health establishments. Keywords: evaluation, managerial role, service supervisors, CQI, UHC, Bamako. Classification JEL : O24, MO21 Paper type : Empirical ResearchEn analysant les rapports d’évaluations de la qualité des soins de l’Agence Nationale d’Évaluation des Hôpitaux au Mali de 2005 à 2018, nous constatons la qualité des soins constitue un véritable problème de santé publique. En raison de la place importante qu’occupent les surveillants de service dans le management hospitalier, l’évaluation du rôle des surveillants s’avère prépondérante dans l’amélioration continue de la qualité des soins. Pour cette étude, nous nous sommes posé la question de recherche suivante : quel est le rôle managérial des surveillants de service dans l’amélioration continue de la qualité de soins dans quatre Centres Hospitaliers Universitaires de Bamako ? Nous avons fixé comme objectif général d’étudier le rôle managérial des surveillants de service dans l’amélioration continue de la qualité des soins dans les quatre Centres Hospitaliers Universitaires de Bamako. La méthodologie de recherche adoptée a consisté à faire une étude quantitative analytique non expérimentale à visée transversale. Nous avons opté pour la méthode d’échantillonnage probabiliste et la technique stratifiée. Notre population d’étude était constituée de tous les surveillants des CHU-CNOS, GT, IOTA et Point « G » de Bamako. Les informations étaient recueillies auprès des enquêtés à l’aide d’un questionnaire et d’une grille d’exploitation documentaire. Le logiciel EPI Info a été utilisé pour la saisie des données, puis celles-ci ont été exportées dans Excel et SPSS pour les analyses. L’anonymat et la confidentialité étaient requis lors de la collecte des données. Les résultats de notre étude révèlent qu’au total, 84 surveillants de service ont été inclus dans cette étude avec un âge moyen de 51 ans environ et prédominance masculine à 57.14%. Le rôle managérial des surveillants de service est connu joué à 54,76% ; le lien existant entre le rôle managérial et l’ACQ est évalué à 32,28% seulement. L’apport des surveillants dans l’ACQ qui consiste à faire un suivi/évaluation régulier des activités, avoir la disponibilité et la compétence requises pour une bonne coordination et identifier les insuffisances et faire la formation continue est estimé à 60,71%. Le principal goulot d’étranglement à la mise en œuvre de leurs fonctions est surtout le manque de formation dont 98,18% des surveillants n’en bénéficient pas et 98,36% travaillent dans des conditions peu favorables. De l’analyse explicative, il ressort que plusieurs rôles sont statistiquement significatifs en lien avec l’ACQ au seuil de 5%, le test de p-value = 0,147. En définitive, nous pouvons affirmer donc que les surveillants de service connaissent leur rôle managérial dans l’ACQ et sont des acteurs clefs incontournables de l’ACQ dans les établissements de santé.   Mots clés : évaluation, rôle managérial, surveillants de service, ACQ, CHU, Bamako. JEL Classification : O24, MO21 Type du papier : Recherche empiriqu

Best-bet integrated strategies for containing drug-resistant trypanosomes in cattle

Background African animal trypanosomosis is a major constraint to the rearing of productive livestock in the sub-humid Sudan-Sahel zone of West Africa where cotton is grown. Trypanosomosis is mainly controlled using trypanocidal drugs, but the effective use of drugs is threatened by the development of widespread resistance. This study tested integrated best-bet strategies for containment and/ or reversal of trypanocide resistance in villages in south-east Mali where resistance has been reported. Methods Four sentinel villages each from an intervention area (along the road from Mali to Burkina Faso) and a control area (along the road from Mali to Côte d’Ivoire) were selected for the study. Tsetse control was based on deltamethrin-treated stationary attractive devices and targeted cattle spraying between March 2008 and November 2009. Trypanosome-positive cattle were selectively treated with 3.5 mg/kg diminazene aceturate. Strategic helminth control using 10 mg/kg albendazole was also undertaken. During the intervention, tsetse densities along drainage lines, trypanosome infections and faecal egg counts in risk cattle (3 to 12 months of age) were monitored. Results Catch reductions of 66.5 % in Glossina palpalis gambiensis and 90 % in G. tachinoides were observed in the intervention area. Trypanosome prevalence was significantly (p < 0.05) lower in the intervention area (2.3 %; 1.3-3.6 %) compared to the control area (17.3 %; 14.8-20.1 %). Albendazole treatment resulted in a faecal egg count reduction of 55.6 % and reduced trypanosome infection risk (2.9 times lower than in the placebo group) although not significantly (p > 0.05). Further studies are required before confirming the existence of albendazole resistant strongyles in the study area. Conclusion Integration of best-bet strategies in areas of multiple drug- resistance is expected to reduce trypanosome infection risk thus contributing to containment of trypanocidal drug resistance. Integrated best-bet strategies could therefore be considered a viable trypanosomosis control option especially in areas where multiple drug-resistance has been reported

Hypertension and Associated Factors in Rural and Urban Areas Mali: Data from the STEP 2013 Survey

Background. Our study aims to estimate hypertension (HTN) prevalence and its predictors in rural and urban area. Methods. We conducted a cross-sectional population-based study involving subjects aged 15 to 65 years. Collected data (sociodemographic, blood pressure, weight, height, and blood glucose) were analyzed using SPSS version 20. A logistic regression was conducted to look for factors associated with HTN. Results. Mean was 47 years. High blood pressure (HBP) prevalence was 21.1 and 24.7%, respectively, in rural and urban setting. In rural area age group significantly predicted hypertension with age of 60 years having more-than-4-times risk of hypertension, whereas, in urban area age group, sex and body mass index were predictors with OR: HTN raising from 2.06 [1.24–3.43] for 30–44 years old to 7.25 [4.00–13.13] for 60 years and more using <30 years as reference. Female sex was protective with OR of 0.45 [0.29–0.71] and using normal weight as reference OR for overweight was 1.54 [1.04–2.27] and 2.67 [1.64–4.36] for obesity. Conclusion. Hypertension prevalence is high and associated factors were age group in rural area and age group, female sex, and body mass index in urban area

Improved PCR-RFLP for the Detection of Diminazene Resistance in Trypanosoma congolense under Field Conditions Using Filter Papers for Sample Storage

Animal African trypanosomiasis (AAT) is caused by different species of the pro- tozoan parasite Trypanosoma and affects a wide range of domestic animals. Trypano- soma congolense is widespread in the whole of sub-Saharan Africa and is the species causing considerable losses in livestock pro- duction, often affecting the health status of humans through endangering the food supply of rural communities. It is estimated that 50 million cattle are at risk of the disease and that the direct and indirect annual losses related to AAT reach US$4.5 billion [1]

Assembling a geospatial database of tsetse-transmitted animal trypanosomosis for Africa

Abstract Background: African animal trypanosomosis (AAT), or nagana, is widespread within the tsetse-infested belt of sub-Saharan Africa. Although a wealth of information on its occurrence and prevalence is available in the literature, synthesized and harmonized data at the regional and continental scales are lacking. To fill this gap the Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (FAO) launched the Atlas of tsetse and AAT, jointly implemented with the International Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA) in the framework of the Programme Against African Trypanosomosis (PAAT). Methods: The Atlas aims to build and regularly update a geospatial database of tsetse species occurrence and AAT at the continental level. The present paper focuses on the methodology to assemble a dynamic database of AAT, which hinges on herd-level prevalence data as estimated using various diagnostic techniques. A range of ancillary information items is also included (e.g. trypanosome species, survey period, species and breed of animals, husbandry system, etc.). Input data were initially identified through a literature review. Results: Preliminary results are presented for Ethiopia, Kenya and Uganda in East Africa: 122 papers were identified and analyzed, which contained field data collected from January 1990 to December 2013. Information on AAT was extracted and recorded for 348 distinct geographic locations. The presented distribution maps exemplify the range of outputs that can be directly generated from the AAT database